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Greenhouse
Gas Emissions Technology, Engineering, Products, Services and Information We provide project development services that generate clean energy and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide emissions. Included in this are our turnkey "ecogeneration" products and services which includes renewable energy technologies, waste to energy, waste to watts and waste heat recovery solutions. Other project development technologies include; Anaerobic Digester, Anaerobic Lagoon, Biogas Recovery, BioMethane, Biomass Gasification, and Landfill Gas To Energy, project development services. Unlike
most companies, we are equipment supplier/vendor neutral. This means we
help our clients select the best equipment for their specific application.
This approach provides our customers with superior performance, decreased
operating expenses and increased return on investment.
We are Renewable Energy Technologies specialists and develop clean power and energy projects that will generate a "Renewable Energy Credit," Carbon Dioxide Credits and Emission Reduction Credits. Some of our products and services solutions and technologies include; Absorption Chillers, Adsorption Chillers, Automated Demand Response, Biodiesel Refineries, Biofuel Refineries, Biomass Gasification, BioMethane, Canola Biodiesel, Coconut Biodiesel, Cogeneration, Concentrating Solar Power, Demand Response Programs, Demand Side Management, Energy Conservation Measures, Energy Master Planning, Engine Driven Chillers, Solar CHP, Solar Cogeneration, Rapeseed Biodiesel, Solar Electric Heat Pumps, Solar Electric Power Systems, Solar Heating and Cooling, Solar Trigeneration, Soy Biodiesel, and Trigeneration. Unlike
most companies, we are equipment supplier/vendor neutral. This means we
help our clients select the best equipment for their specific application.
This approach provides our customers with superior performance, decreased
operating expenses and increased return on investment.
What
are you doing about Carbon Dioxide Emissions Cogeneration Net Zero Energy Houses Trigeneration Net Zero Energy Buildings Sustainable Building Solutions Solar Cogeneration Solar Trigeneration Biomethane B100 Biodiesel Wind Power Generation Urban Environmental Accords Sustainable Urban Living
Are
you doing your part to stop Global Warming
and Climate Change?
Learn more about Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the
following websites: Carbon
Dioxide Emissions
Greenhouse
Gas Emissions
What are Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Greenhouse Gas Emissions are those greenhouse gases that allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely and contribute to the greenhouse effect, which many believe is the cause of global warming. There are natural and man-made greenhouse gas emissions. The primary greenhouse gases thought to be major contributors to global warming are; carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), methane emissions (CH 4) and nitrogen oxides (N2O). The primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions from manmade sources include; fossil-fueled power plants such as natural gas power plants and coal fired power plants. Other sources of greenhouse gas emissions linked to manmade causes include internal combustion engines (fueled by gasoline and petroleum diesel) and deforestation. Many people don't realize that as much as 25% of per cent of the carbon dioxide emissions are naturally absorbed by the ocean and another 25% of the carbon dioxide emissions are absorbed by our biosphere, such as trees, plants, soil, etc. This leaves about 50% of the carbon dioxide emissions that are not absorbed and remaining in our atmosphere. As previously stated, carbon dioxide emissions are linked primarily to the burning of fossil fuels (power plants, cars, trucks, etc.) and deforestation. Greenhouse gas emissions have been on the increase ever since the dawn of the industrial revolution. What
Are Greenhouse Gases? Many gases exhibit these “greenhouse” properties. Some of them occur in nature (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others are exclusively human-made (like gases used for aerosols). How
Can We Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Why Are Atmospheric Levels Increasing? Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around 150 years ago (Figure 1). During the past 20 years, about three-quarters of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels. Figure 1. Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations and Anthropogenic Emissions of Carbon Dioxide
Figure 2. Global Carbon Cycle (Billion Metric Tons Carbon)
What Effect Do Greenhouse Gases Have on Climate Change? Given the natural variability of the Earth’s climate, it is difficult to determine the extent of change that humans cause. In computer-based models, rising concentrations of greenhouse gases generally produce an increase in the average temperature of the Earth. Rising temperatures may, in turn, produce changes in weather, sea levels, and land use patterns, commonly referred to as “climate change.” Assessments generally suggest that the Earth’s climate has warmed over the past century and that human activity affecting the atmosphere is likely an important driving factor. A National Research Council study dated May 2001 stated, “Greenhouse gases are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing surface air temperatures and sub-surface ocean temperatures to rise. Temperatures are, in fact, rising. The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.” However, there is uncertainty in how the climate system varies naturally and reacts to emissions of greenhouse gases. Making progress in reducing uncertainties in projections of future climate will require better awareness and understanding of the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the behavior of the climate system.
In the U.S., our greenhouse gas emissions come mostly from energy use. These are driven largely by economic growth, fuel used for electricity generation, and weather patterns affecting heating and cooling needs. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, resulting from petroleum and natural gas, represent 82 percent of total U.S. human-made greenhouse gas emissions (Figure 3). The connection between energy use and carbon dioxide emissions is explored in the box on the reverse side (Figure 4).
Figure 4. U.S. Primary Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2001
Another greenhouse gas, methane, comes from landfills, coal mines, oil and gas operations, and agriculture; it represents 9 percent of total emissions. Nitrogen oxides (5 percent of total emissions), meanwhile, is emitted from burning fossil fuels and through the use of certain fertilizers and industrial processes. Human-made gases (2 percent of total emissions) are released as byproducts of industrial processes and through leakage. What Is the Prospect for Future Emissions? World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by 1.9 percent annually between 2001 and 2025 (Figure 5). Much of the increase in these emissions is expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies, such as China and India, fuel economic development with fossil energy. Developing countries’ emissions are expected to grow above the world average at 2.7 percent annually between 2001 and 2025; and surpass emissions of industrialized countries near 2018. Figure
5. World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2001-2025
The U.S. produces about 25 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels; primarily because our economy is the largest in the world and we meet 85 percent of our energy needs through burning fossil fuels. The U.S. is projected to lower its carbon intensity by 25 percent from 2001 to 2025, and remain below the world average (Figure 6). Figure
6. Carbon Intensity by Region, 2001-2025
Energy
Production and Carbon Dioxide
Emissions Trigeneration
slashes carbon dioxide emissions
by as much 80% and more. Coors Brewing Company has a 90 percent efficient trigeneration system at its Golden, Colorado plant, the largest single brewing site in the world. The trigeneration system saves 250,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually, along with 125 tons of NOx and 900 tons of SO2. * A New Perspective on Energy Integrated
systems for cooling, heating and power (CHP) for buildings incorporate multiple
technologies for providing energy services to a single building or to a campus
of buildings. Electricity to such buildings is provided by on-site or near-site
power generators using one or more of the many options: internal combustion (IC)
engines, combustion turbines, miniturbines or microturbines, and fuel cells. In CHP
systems, waste heat from
power generation equipment is recovered for operating equipment for cooling,
heating, or controlling humidity in buildings, by using absorption chillers,
desiccant dehumidifiers, or heat recovery equipment for producing steam or hot
water. These integrated systems are known by a variety of acronyms: CHP,
Trigeneration and IES (Integrated
Energy System). A CHP System is an efficient, environmentally-friendly "cogeneration" system that provides power (electricity) and energy (hot water and/or steam) at the location the power and energy are needed also known as "distributed generation." Cogeneration systems are at least two times more efficient than typical power plants which average about 27% - 35% efficiency - meaning 65% to 73% of the energy is wasted. What is a CHP System with Absorption Chillers or "Trigeneration"? Even more efficient than a standard CHP system is a CHP system that incorporates absorption chillers, which is then a "trigeneration" system, also referred to as an "Integrated Energy System" or "Cooling, Heating and Power." Trigeneration systems can be up to 50% more efficient than cogeneration systems and many average about 90% or more efficiency. Absorption chillers recover the additional waste heat from CHP Systems to make chilled water for air-conditioning, thereby providing the building or facility's electricity, hot water/steam and air conditioning. Some of the above information courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy with our thanks. Are
you doing your part to stop Global
Warming and Climate
Change? Carbon
Dioxide Emissions Greenhouse
Gas Emissions For more information on how your company can reduce, or eliminate Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, visit one of our sponsors below. All of the following companies offer products and technologies that are "sustainable" and reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Please Visit And Support Our Following Sponsors!
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Energy Production and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
For over one hundred years, energy and power production have been
generated around the world through the burning of fossil fuels,
including; fuel oil, coal, diesel, and natural gas. Over the
past decade, environmental science and research has discovered and linked global
warming, and global climate change to the carbon dioxide emissions from
the combustion of fossil fuels. This has placed an increased need to reduce energy consumption and discover more environmentally friendly fuel sources. Co/trigeneration slashes carbon dioxide emissions by as much
80% and more. Coors Brewing Company has a 90 percent efficient trigeneration system at its Golden, Colorado plant, the largest single brewing site in the world. The trigeneration system saves 250,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually, along with 125 tons of NOx and 900 tons of SO2.
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Generation of Electric Power in the United StatesJuly 2000
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Table 1. Summary of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Net Generation in the United States, 1998 and 1999 |
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|
|
1998 |
1999p |
Change |
Percent |
|
Carbon Dioxide (thousand metric tons)a |
|
|
|
|
|
Coal |
1,799,762 |
1,787,910 |
-11,852 |
-0.66 |
|
Petroleum |
110,244 |
106,294 |
-3,950 |
-3.58 |
|
Gas |
291,236 |
337,004 |
45,768 |
15.72 |
|
Other Fuels b |
13,596 |
13,596 |
- |
- |
|
U.S. Total |
2,214,837 |
2,244,804 |
29,967 |
1.35 |
|
Generation (million kWh) |
|
|
|
|
|
Coal |
1,873,908 |
1,881,571 |
7,663 |
0.41 |
|
Petroleum |
126,900 |
119,025 |
-7,875 |
-6.21 |
|
Gas |
488,712 |
562,433 |
73,721 |
15.08 |
|
Other Fuels b |
21,747 |
21,749 |
2 |
- |
|
Total Fossil-fueled |
2,511,267 |
2,584,779 |
73,512 |
2.93 |
|
Nonfossil-fueled c |
1,105,947 |
1,106,294 |
347 |
0.03 |
|
U.S. Total |
3,617,214 |
3,691,073 |
73,509 |
2.04 |
|
Output Rate d (pounds CO2 per kWh) |
|
|
|
|
|
Coal |
2.117 |
2.095 |
-0.022 |
-1.04 |
|
Petroleum |
1.915 |
1.969 |
0.054 |
2.82 |
|
Gas |
1.314 |
1.321 |
0.007 |
0.53 |
|
Other Fuels b |
1.378 |
1.378 |
- |
- |
|
U.S. Average |
1.350 |
1.341 |
-0.009 |
-0.67 |
|
a
One metric ton equals one short ton divided by 1.1023. To convert
carbon dioxide to carbon units, divide by 44/12. |
||||
In the United States, about 40.5 percent(6)
of anthropogenic CO2 emissions was attributed to the combustion
of fossil fuels for the generation of electricity in 1998, the latest year
for which all data are available.(7) The
available energy sources used for electricity generation result in varying
output rates for CO2 emissions from region to region across the
United States. Although all regions use some fossil fuels for electricity
generation, several States generate almost all electricity at nuclear or
hydroelectric plants, resulting in correspondingly low output rates of CO2
per kilowatthour. For example, Vermont produces mostly nuclear power,
while Washington, Idaho, and Oregon generate almost all electricity at
hydroelectric plants. At the other extreme, Colorado, Indiana, Iowa,
Kentucky, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, West Virginia, and Wyoming--a
group that includes some of the Nation's largest coal-producing
States--generate most of their electricity with coal. Regions where
coal-fired generators dominate the industry show the highest rates of CO2
emissions per kilowatthour.
Coal
Estimated emissions of CO2 produced by coal-fired generation of electricity were 1,788 million metric tons in 1999 (Table 1), 0.7 percent less than in 1998, while electricity generation from coal was 0.4 percent more than the previous year. The divergent direction of generation and emissions changes may reflect a combination of thermal efficiency improvements, changes in average fuel characteristics, and variances associated with both sampling and nonsampling errors. CO2 emissions from coal-fired electricity generation comprise nearly 80 percent of the total CO2 emissions produced by the generation of electricity in the United States, while the share of electricity generation from coal was 51.0 percent in 1999 (Table 3). Coal has the highest carbon intensity among fossil fuels, resulting in coal-fired plants having the highest output rate of CO2 per kilowatthour. The national average output rate for coal-fired electricity generation was 2.095 pounds CO2 per kilowatthour in 1999 (Table 4).
Coal-fired generation contributes over 90 percent of CO2 emissions in the East North Central, West North Central, East South Central, and Mountain Census Divisions and 84 percent in the South Atlantic Census Division (Table 2). Nearly two-thirds of the Nation's CO2 emissions from electricity generation are accounted for by the combustion of coal for electricity generation in these five regions where most of the Nation's coal-producing States are located. Consequently, these regions have relatively high output rates of CO2 per kilowatthour.
|
Table 2. Estimated Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Generating Units at U.S. Electric Plants by Census Division, 1998 and 1999 (Thousand Metric Tons) |
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|
Census Division |
1998 |
1999 |
||||||||
|
Total |
Coal |
Petroleum |
Gas |
Othera |
Total |
Coal |
Petroleum |
Gas |
Othera |
|
|
New England |
50,450 |
16,470 |
23,068 |
7,966 |
2,945 |
52,822 |
14,637 |
24,224 |
11,015 |
2,945 |
|
Middle Atlantic |
189,023 |
139,821 |
17,315 |
28,441 |
3,447 |
190,214 |
134,528 |
15,232 |
37,007 |
3,447 |
|
East North Central |
427,580 |
410,141 |
4,351 |
12,039 |
1,049 |
423,063 |
397,266 |
5,415 |
19,333 |
1,049 |
|
West North Central |
217,123 |
209,858 |
1,521 |
4,726 |
1,018 |
219,104 |
208,786 |
1,957 |
7,342 |
1,018 |
|
South Atlantic |
445,435 |
373,780 |
43,777 |
24,515 |
3,363 |
452,180 |
378,018 |
41,356 |
29,442 |
3,363 |
|
East South Central |
226,749 |
212,350 |
5,018 |
9,299 |
82 |
228,240 |
214,486 |
3,212 |
10,460 |
82 |
|
West South Central |
364,056 |
214,544 |
5,461 |
143,945 |
106 |
380,792 |
221,309 |
5,744 |
153,634 |
106 |
|
Mountain |
219,147 |
206,256 |
888 |
12,002 |
* |
217,543 |
202,421 |
1,278 |
13,843 |
* |
|
Pacific Contiguous |
64,668 |
14,555 |
2,588 |
46,165 |
1,360 |
70,591 |
14,563 |
2,153 |
52,515 |
1,360 |
|
Pacific Noncontiguous |
10,606 |
1,985 |
6,257 |
2,138 |
225 |
10,256 |
1,895 |
5,724 |
2,413 |
225 |
|
U.S. Total |
2,214,837 |
1,799,762 |
110,244 |
291,236 |
13,596 |
2,244,804 |
1,787,910 |
106,294 |
337,004 |
13,596 |
|
aOther
fuels include municipal solid waste, tires, and other fuels that
emit anthropogenic CO2 when burned to generate
electricity. Nonutility data for 1999 for these fuels are
unavailable; 1998 data are used. |
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Table 3.
Percent of Electricity Generated at U.S. Electric Plants by Fuel
Type and Census Division, 1998 and 1999 |
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|
Census Division |
1998 |
1999 |
||||||||
|
Coal |
Petroleum |
Gas |
Othera |
Nonfossil |
Coal |
Petroleum |
Gas |
Othera |
Nonfossil |
|
|
New England |
17.9 |
24.4 |
13.8 |
4.6 |
39.3 |
16.3 |
22.9 |
18.0 |
4.6 |
38.3 |
|
Middle Atlantic |
38.4 |
5.2 |
13.6 |
1.3 |
41.5 |
35.8 |
4.5 |
17.5 |
1.3 |
40.9 |
|
East North Central |
76.3 |
0.8 |
3.8 |
0.4 |
18.8 |
72.0 |
0.7 |
4.4 |
0.4 |
22.5 |
|
West North Central |
75.5 |
0.7 |
2.3 |
0.3 |
21.1 |
73.9 |
0.7 |
3.0 |
0.3 |
22.0 |
|
South Atlantic |
55.3 |
7.2 |
6.6 |
0.7 |
30.2 |
55.5 |
6.7 |
7.8 |
0.7 |
29.2 |
|
East South Central |
66.2 |
2.1 |
3.2 |
* |
28.4 |
68.0 |
1.4 |
3.9 |
* |
26.7 |
|
West South Central |
39.1 |
0.6 |
42.2 |
0.3 |
17.8 |
40.1 |
0.7 |
44.6 |
0.3 |
14.3 |
|
Mountain |
67.9 |
0.2 |
6.8 |
0.1 |
25.0 |
67.5 |
0.3 |
8.1 |
0.1 |
24.1 |
|
Pacific Contiguous |
4.3 |
0.7 |
23.1 |
0.4 |
71.4 |
4.2 |
0.5 |
26.2 |
0.4 |
68.7 |
|
Pacific Noncontiguous |
12.2 | |||||||||